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Cardigan platform overview

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pageTitle How Cardigan Works
pageSubtitle A two-stage audience intelligence methodology that starts with the entire population inside a station's signal footprint and refines it with real listener data. Transparent, reproducible, and built on public federal data.
stage1Name Baseline Study
stage1Tagline Census + Cardigan + Format Affinity
stage1Desc Every station, every market. No survey required.
stage2Name Survey Enhancement
stage2Tagline Engagement + In-Market Surveys
stage2Desc Real listener data tunes the foundation.
approachTitle Our Approach
approachP1 Traditional audience measurement starts small: recruit a few hundred diary keepers, hope they remember what they listened to, then extrapolate to millions. If the sample is flawed, everything built on it is flawed.
approachP2 Cardigan inverts this entirely. We start with the biggest possible foundation — the actual population living inside each station's FCC-certified signal contour — and work inward using research-backed demographic filters. Then we refine those estimates with real survey responses and engagement data.
approachP3 The result: audience intelligence that is transparent at every step, reproducible by anyone with access to the same public data, and continuously improving as we collect more listener feedback.
traditionalMethod Traditional Diary Method
contourampMethod Cardigan Method
tradStep1 ~500 diary keepers
tradStep2 Recall-based entries
tradStep3 Sample weighting
tradStep4 Extrapolate to millions
campStep1 Entire signal coverage population
campStep2 Research-backed filters
campStep3 Survey data tunes the model
campStep4 Continuous improvement
stage1Header The Baseline Study
stage1Intro For every FM station in every market, Cardigan builds a baseline audience estimate from eight analytical steps — using only public federal data and established industry research. No survey sample required. This is the foundation.
s1Step1Title Signal Coverage
s1Step1Desc We use each station's FCC-certified service contour to define the actual listening area. The 54 dBu contour (the city-grade signal boundary) is preferred; when unavailable, we fall back to the 60 dBu contour. This is the station's real signal footprint — not an arbitrary metro boundary or ZIP code approximation.
s1Step1Legend54 54 dBu — City-grade (preferred)
s1Step1Legend60 60 dBu — Stronger signal (fallback)
s1Step1LegendFCC FCC-certified broadcast coverage
s1Step2Title Population Within Coverage
s1Step2Desc We aggregate US Census tract-level demographics for every census tract whose centroid falls within the contour. This gives us the total population that can hear the station, broken down by age, gender, ethnicity, and income. The result: a precise demographic profile of the station's potential audience.
s1Step3Title Radio Usage Rates
s1Step3Desc Not everyone in the coverage area listens to radio. We apply age-specific radio usage probabilities derived from Edison Research Infinite Dial data to determine how many people in each age bracket actually tune in during a given week. Adults 35-64 listen at much higher rates than teens; this step accounts for that reality.
s1Step4Title Format Affinity Scoring
s1Step4Desc Each radio format — Country, AC, CHR, Rock, News/Talk, and dozens more — has a demographic affinity profile based on decades of industry research. We weight the listening population by how likely each demographic segment is to prefer that format.
s1Step4Desc2 A Country station in a market with 70% adults 35-64 scores very differently than a CHR station in the same market. This is where demographic composition meets format preference to produce a realistic share estimate.
s1Step5Title Ethnic Reach Modifier
s1Step5Desc Coverage area ethnic composition directly modulates format reach. A Regional Mexican station in a heavily Hispanic market gets an ethnic alignment boost. A Country station in the same market gets an alignment penalty. This modifier was the single largest estimation improvement in v3.0 — it dramatically improved accuracy for stations serving diverse communities.
s1Step6Title Competition Modeling
s1Step6Desc How many other stations in the same format family serve this market? Rank-based market dynamics distribute audience share realistically: the #1 station in a format gets more than a proportional share, while lower-ranked stations get progressively less. A solo Country station in a small market captures far more of the available Country audience than the fourth Country station in a large market.
s1Step7Title Regional & Seasonal Adjustments
s1Step7Desc Format performance varies meaningfully by US region and season. Country radio over-indexes in the South and Midwest. AC stations spike during the Christmas holiday season. News/Talk surges during election cycles. These adjustments ensure estimates reflect real-world listening patterns rather than flat national averages.
s1Step8Title Commuter Adjustment
s1Step8Desc Radio listening peaks during the drive. Census commuting flow data tells us how many workers cross contour boundaries daily — people who live outside the signal area but work inside it (or vice versa). This adjustment accounts for the significant drive-time audience that a purely residential population count would miss.
s1ResultTitle Stage 1 Result: The Baseline Estimate
s1ResultDesc A complete audience estimate for every station — weekly cume, AQH, and demographic composition — produced entirely from public federal data and established research. No survey required.
s1ResultMetric1 Weekly Cume
s1ResultMetric1Desc Total weekly listeners
s1ResultMetric2 AQH
s1ResultMetric2Desc Average quarter-hour
s1ResultMetric3 Demo Profile
s1ResultMetric3Desc Age / gender / ethnicity
stage2Header Survey Enhancement
stage2Intro Stage 2 tunes and validates the baseline with real listener data. Survey responses and engagement metrics adjust the model — they don't define it. The foundation from Stage 1 means every estimate starts strong, and Stage 2 makes it stronger.
s2Step1Title QR Code Mailer Surveys
s2Step1Desc Cardigan sends physical mailers with QR codes to randomly selected households in the market. Recipients register online and complete a friendly, recall-based survey about their radio listening habits. This is not a daily diary — it's a single-session profile of where they can reliably be found on the radio dial.
s2Step2Title Survey Data Integration
s2Step2Desc Survey responses flow directly into the audience model, validating and adjusting Stage 1 estimates across multiple dimensions:
s2Step2Mentions Station Mentions
s2Step2MentionsDesc Validate or adjust format share estimates
s2Step2Location Listening Location
s2Step2LocationDesc Car, home, work — validates commuter modeling
s2Step2Device Device Data
s2Step2DeviceDesc AM/FM, smart speaker, phone app — captures streaming
s2Step2Daypart Daypart Patterns
s2Step2DaypartDesc Validates the daypart distribution model
s2Step3Title Station Engagement Data
s2Step3Desc For subscribing stations running Cardigan Active, we incorporate first-party engagement signals that reveal how deeply listeners interact with the brand beyond the broadcast signal.
s2Step3Pixel Website & stream data
s2Step3Contests Participation rates
s2Step3Social Amplification metrics
s2Step3Registrations Listener sign-ups
s2Step4Title Total Brand Engagement Score
s2Step4Desc The TBE score combines the Stage 1 baseline (signal coverage and modeled audience) with digital engagement data and survey responses into a single composite score. This gives advertisers and agencies a holistic view of a station's true reach and engagement — not just how many people can hear it, but how many people actively interact with it.
s2Step5Title Continuous Improvement
s2Step5Desc Every survey response makes every future estimate better. As response data accumulates in a market, the model learns and self-corrects. Markets with more survey data receive higher confidence ratings. The system gets smarter over time — not by changing the methodology, but by feeding it more ground truth.
s2Callout Survey data tunes the model — it doesn't create it. Markets with zero survey data still get useful Stage 1 baseline estimates. Markets with survey data get refined estimates. The more data we collect, the better every estimate gets.
whyTitle Why This Works
whySubtitle The Fundamental Difference
whyP1 Traditional ratings (Nielsen/Arbitron) start with a small diary sample — roughly 500 people — and extrapolate everything from that. If the sample is flawed, biased, or unrepresentative, every number built on it is flawed.
whyP2 Cardigan starts from the opposite direction:
whyBullet1 Stage 1 begins with the ENTIRE population within the signal contour and works inward with research-backed filters. The foundation is as big as it can possibly be.
whyBullet2 Stage 2 uses real listener data to TUNE the foundation, not create it. Survey responses and engagement data adjust the model — they do not define it.
whyZeroSurvey Zero survey data
whyZeroSurveyTitle Still useful estimates
whyZeroSurveyDesc Stage 1 baseline provides directional intelligence for every station in every market, immediately.
whyWithSurvey With survey data
whyWithSurveyTitle Refined estimates
whyWithSurveyDesc Stage 1 + Stage 2 combined produce higher-confidence, survey-validated audience numbers.
whyTransparency Transparency is credibility. The methodology is fully reproducible — we show our work at every step. Anyone with access to the same FCC contours, Census data, and format research can verify our baseline estimates independently.
sourcesTitle Data Sources
sourcesIntro Cardigan is built on authoritative public data supplemented by proprietary research. Every data source is documented and auditable.
sourceFCC FCC Engineering Data
sourceFCCDesc Licensed facility parameters, certified service contour coordinates, tower locations, power levels, and antenna patterns.
sourceCensus US Census / ACS
sourceCensusDesc Tract-level population, age, gender, ethnicity, income, and household data from the American Community Survey.
sourceCBSA CBSA Definitions
sourceCBSADesc Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area boundaries from the Office of Management and Budget.
sourceCommuting Census Commuting Flows
sourceCommutingDesc Worker residence-to-workplace flow data for drive-time audience modeling across contour boundaries.
sourceEdison Edison Research
sourceEdisonDesc Infinite Dial and Share of Ear studies provide age-specific radio listening rates and media consumption data.
sourceFormat Format Affinity Research
sourceFormatDesc Decades of industry research on demographic preferences by radio format, updated continuously.
sourceSurveys Cardigan Surveys
sourceSurveysDesc QR-code mailer surveys with in-market listener responses on station preference, listening habits, and device usage.
sourceEngagement Station Engagement
sourceEngagementDesc First-party digital signals from Cardigan Active subscribers: website pixels, contest data, social metrics.
tagFederal Federal
tagResearch Research
tagProprietary Proprietary
confidenceTitle Confidence Levels
confidenceIntro Every Cardigan estimate includes a confidence rating that tells you how much data supports the number. More data sources = higher confidence.
confLevel Level
confMeaning What It Means
confData Data Behind It
confHigh High
confHighMeaning Strong directional confidence. Suitable for media planning with appropriate margins.
confHighData Stage 1 baseline + survey responses + engagement data from Cardigan Active
confGood Good
confGoodMeaning Reliable estimate with survey validation. Useful for competitive analysis and market positioning.
confGoodData Stage 1 baseline + survey responses (no engagement data)
confModerate Moderate
confModerateMeaning Solid baseline with partial validation. Good for market-level trends and share estimates.
confModerateData Stage 1 baseline + limited survey or engagement data
confBaseline Baseline
confBaselineMeaning Model-only estimate from public data. Directional intelligence — useful for markets with no survey coverage.
confBaselineData Stage 1 baseline only (contour + census + format affinity + competition)
confDisclaimer All Cardigan estimates are modeled projections. Even at the highest confidence level, they should be understood as well-informed estimates — not exact measurements. We are transparent about this because transparency is what makes the methodology trustworthy.
showWorkTitle Show Our Work
showWorkIntro Every estimate in Cardigan can be traced back to its component steps. The Prediction Timeline shows you exactly how each number was built — which contour was used, what population was counted, which adjustments were applied, and what the final result means.
showWorkPromoTitle Prediction Timeline
showWorkPromoDesc Enter any station callsign and see the complete step-by-step walkthrough of how its audience estimate was generated — from signal contour through final adjusted numbers. Every step is labeled as Stage 1 (baseline) or Stage 2 (survey enhancement) so you know exactly what data drives each component.
showWorkCTA View Prediction Timeline
dataIntegrityTitle Data Integrity
dataIntegrityDesc We actively encourage feedback on our estimates. If you see data that appears incorrect — a station with the wrong format, a coverage contour that doesn't match reality, or an audience number that seems off — please report it. Every correction makes the entire system more accurate.
dataIntegrityCTA Report a Data Issue
timelineTitle Prediction Timeline
timelineSubtitle Step-by-step methodology walkthrough showing how audience estimates are generated for any station, organized by our two-stage model.
timelinePlaceholder Enter a callsign to see the two-stage prediction methodology
timelineInputPlaceholder Enter callsign (e.g., WRJT-FM)
timelineViewBtn View Timeline
timelineNoData No timeline data available for this station.
timelineError Could not load timeline data.
timelineMethLink Each step below is labeled as Stage 1 (baseline) or Stage 2 (survey enhancement).
timelineReadFull Read the full methodology
timelineS1Legend Stage 1 — Baseline (Census + Cardigan + Format Affinity)
timelineS2Legend Stage 2 — Survey Enhancement
timelineS1Divider Baseline Study
timelineS2Divider Survey Enhancement
timelineFooterPrompt Want to understand how each step works in detail?
timelineFooterCTA Read the Full Methodology
limitationsTitle Limitations & Disclaimers
limitationsText All audience estimates are modeled approximations and should be treated as directional indicators rather than precise measurements. Cardigan estimates are not a substitute for diary or meter-based audience measurement services. Results may vary from other published audience data due to differences in methodology, timing, and data sources.
updateTitle Update Cadence
updateText Our data pipeline processes FCC updates daily and census data quarterly. Audience models are recalibrated monthly as new inputs become available.
contactTitle Questions About Our Methodology?
contactText We welcome feedback from industry professionals. If you have questions about our approach or would like to discuss our methodology in detail, please reach out through our Data Integrity page.